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flower power
Flower power was a slogan used during the late 1960s and early 1970s as a symbol of passive resistance and non-violence ideology.〔Stuart Hall, "The Hippies: An American Moment" published in Ann Gray (Ed.), ''CCCS Selected Working Papers'', Routledge, (December 20, 2007), p.155 ISBN 0-415-32441-6〕 It is rooted in the opposition movement to the Vietnam War.〔Chatarji, Subarno, ''Memories of a Lost War: American Poetic Responses to the Vietnam War'', Oxford University Press, 2001, p.42 ISBN 0-19-924711-0〕 The expression was coined by the American beat poet Allen Ginsberg in 1965 as a means to transform war protests into peaceful affirmative spectacles.〔("Allen Ginsburg" ), American Masters, Public Broadcasting System, pbs.org, retrieved 30-04-2009〕〔Tony Perry, ("Poet Allen Ginsberg Dies at 70" ), ''Los Angeles Times'', April 06, 1997〕 Hippies embraced the symbolism by dressing in clothing with embroidered flowers and vibrant colors, wearing flowers in their hair, and distributing flowers to the public, becoming known as flower children.〔Rennay Craats, ''History of the 1960s'', Weigl Publishers Inc., 2001, p.36 ISBN 1-930954-29-8〕 The term later became generalized as a modern reference to the hippie movement and the so-called counterculture of drugs, psychedelic music, psychedelic art and social permissiveness.〔Heilig, S., "The Brotherhood of Eternal Love-From Flower Power to Hippie Mafia: The Story of LSD Counterculture", ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs'', 2007, Vol 39; No 3, pages 307-308〕
==Origin==
Flower Power originated in Berkeley, California, as a symbolic action of protest against the Vietnam War. In his November 1965 essay titled ''How to Make a March/Spectacle'', Ginsberg advocated that protesters should be provided with "masses of flowers" to hand out to policemen, press, politicians and spectators.〔Ginsberg, Allen, "Demonstration or Spectacle as Example, As Communication, or How to Make a March/Spectacle", ''Berkeley Barb'', November 19, 1965, republished in ''The Portable Sixties Reader'', Ann Charles (Ed.), Penguin Classic, 2002, p.208-212 ISBN 978-0-14-200194-3〕 The use of props like flowers, toys, flags, candy and music were meant to turn anti-war rallies into a form of street theater thereby reducing the fear, anger and threat that is inherent within protests.〔Ben Shepard,("Absurd Responses vs. Earnest Politics" ), ''Journal of Aesthetics and Protest'', Volume 1, Issue 2, January 2003〕 In particular, Ginsberg wanted to counter the "specter" of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang who supported the war, equated war protesters with communists and had threatened to violently disrupt planned anti-war demonstrations at the University of California, Berkeley. Using Ginsberg's methods, the protest received positive attention and the use of "flower power" became an integral symbol in the counterculture movement.〔William Lawlor, ''Beat culture: lifestyles, icons, and impact'', ABC-CLIO (2005), p.126 ISBN 1-85109-400-8〕
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